Threshold Reliability of Hearsay--Substantive Reliability
In R. v. Youvarajah , 2013 SCC 41 (CanLII), [2013] 2 S.C.R. 720, at para. 30, the Supreme Court of Canada re-affirmed that threshold reliability may be established by: (1) the presence of adequate substitutes for testing truth and accuracy (procedural reliability); and/or (2) sufficient circumstantial guarantees of reliability, or an inherent trustworthiness (substantive reliability), and noted that these two principal ways of demonstrating threshold reliability are “not mutually exclusive.” See R. v. Devine , 2008 SCC 36 (CanLII), [2008] 2 S.C.R. 283, at para. 22; R. v. Singh , 2010 ONCA 808 (CanLII), 266 C.C.C. (3d) 466, at para. 34; R. v. Adjei , 2013 ONCA 512 (CanLII), 309 O.A.C. 328, at paras. 32-40; R. v. Carroll , 2014 ONCA 2 (CanLII), 304 C.C.C. (3d) 252, at paras. 99-105; R. v. M.C., 2014 ONCA 611 (CanLII), 314 C.C.C. (3d) 336, at paras. 52-57; R. v. Kanagalingam , 2014 ONCA 727 (CanLII), 315 C.C.C. (3d) 199, at para. 31; R. v. Napope , 2015 ABCA 27 (CanLII), at para...